Biological Synopsis of the Solitary Tunicate Ciona intestinalis
نویسندگان
چکیده
..................................................................................................................... iv RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................... v 1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. NAME AND CLASSIFICATION................................................................................1 1.2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION.........................................................................................2 2.0 DISTRIBUTION......................................................................................................... 3 2.1. NATIVE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE.......................................................3 2.2. NON-NATIVE DISTRIBUTION (EXCLUDING CANADA)....................................4 2.3. DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA ...................................................................................5 3.0 BIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY.................................................................. 7 3.1. BODY STRUCTURE...................................................................................................7 3.2. FEEDING AND RESPIRATION.................................................................................9 3.3. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT .............................................................13 3.4. LIFE CYCLE: GROWTH, GENERATION TIME AND LONGEVITY ..................20 3.5. HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOLERANCES...........................................22 3.6. ECOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS .......................................................25 3.7. DISEASES AND PARASITES..................................................................................30 4.0 HUMAN USES .......................................................................................................... 31 5.0 POTENTIAL VECTORS FOR INTRODUCTION .............................................. 32 6.0 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRODUCTIONS........................................ 34 6.1. IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................34 6.2. IMPACTS ON OTHER SPECIES..............................................................................35 6.3. IMPACTS ON INDUSTRY .......................................................................................37 6.4. CONTROL METHODS .............................................................................................39 6.5. IMPACT SUMMARY................................................................................................41 7.0 CONSERVATION STATUS ................................................................................... 41 8.0 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 42 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................. 43 Appendix 1....................................................................................................................... 55
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